Car manufacturers are constantly playing alongside all of the next variables to brand an engine to a greater extent than powerful and/or to a greater extent than fuel efficient.
1. Increase displacement - More displacement way to a greater extent than ability because you lot tin burn downwards to a greater extent than gas during each revolution of the engine. You tin growth displacement yesteryear making the cylinders bigger or yesteryear adding to a greater extent than cylinders. Twelve cylinders seems to endure the practical limit.
2. Increase the compression ratio - Higher compression ratios scope to a greater extent than power, upward to a point. The to a greater extent than you lot compress the air/fuel mixture, however, the to a greater extent than probable it is to spontaneously flare-up into flaming (before the spark plug ignites it). Higher-octane gasolines preclude this form of early on combustion. That is why high-performance cars to a greater extent than oft than non necessitate high-octane gasoline -- their engines are using higher compression ratios to larn to a greater extent than power.
3. Stuff to a greater extent than into each cylinder - If you lot tin cram to a greater extent than air (and thus fuel) into a cylinder of a given size, you lot tin larn to a greater extent than ability from the cylinder (in the same way that you lot would yesteryear increasing the size of the cylinder). Turbochargers together with superchargers pressurize the incoming air to effectively cram to a greater extent than air into a cylinder. SeeHow Turbochargers Work for details.
4. Cool the incoming air - Compressing air raises its temperature. However, you lot would similar to receive got the coolest air possible inwards the cylinder because the hotter the air is, the less it volition expand when combustion takes place. Therefore, many turbocharged together with supercharged cars receive got an intercooler. An intercooler is a particular radiator through which the compressed air passes to cool it off earlier it enters the cylinder. See How Car Cooling Systems Work for details.
5. Let air come upward inwards to a greater extent than easily - As a piston moves downwards inwards the intake stroke, air resistance tin rob ability from the engine. Air resistance tin endure lessened dramatically yesteryear putting 2 intake valves inwards each cylinder. Some newer cars are also using polished intake manifolds to eliminate air resistance there. Bigger air filters tin also improve air flow.
6. Let exhaust larn out to a greater extent than easily - If air resistance makes it difficult for exhaust to larn out a cylinder, it robs the engine of power. Air resistance tin endure lessened yesteryear adding a mo exhaust valve to each cylinder (a automobile alongside 2 intake together with 2 exhaust valves has iv valves per cylinder, which improves functioning -- when you lot withdraw heed a automobile promotion enjoin you lot the automobile has iv cylinders together with xvi valves, what the promotion is maxim is that the engine has iv valves per cylinder). If the exhaust piping is likewise minor or the muffler has a lot of air resistance, this tin campaign back-pressure, which has the same effect. High-performance exhaust systems piece of occupation headers, large tail pipes together with free-flowing mufflers to eliminate back-pressure inwards the exhaust system. When you lot withdraw heed that a automobile has "dual exhaust," the destination is to improve the menstruation of exhaust yesteryear having 2 exhaust pipes instead of one.
7. Make everything lighter - Lightweight parts assistance the engine perform better. Each fourth dimension a piston changes direction, it uses upward issue energy to halt the move inwards ane management together with outset it inwards another. The lighter the piston, the less issue energy it takes.
8. Inject the fuel - Fuel injection allows real precise metering of fuel to each cylinder. This improves functioning together with fuel economy.